Chapter 7
References
- Aasman, J., Mulder, G. & Mulder, L.J.M. (1987). Operator effort and the measurement of heart-rate variability. Human Factors, 29, 161-170.
- Alm, H. & Nilsson, L. (1994). Changes in driver behaviour as a function of handsfree mobile phones-A simulator study. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 26, 441-451.
- Backs, R.W. & Ryan, A.M. (1992). Multimodal measures of mental workload during dual-task performance: energetic demands of cognitive processes. In Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 36th annual meeting (pp. 1413-1417). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors Society.
- Backs, R.W. & Walrath, L.C. (1992). Eye movement and pupillary response indices of mental workload during visual search of symbolic displays. Applied Ergonomics, 23, 243-254.
- Backs, R.W. & Seljos, K.A. (1994). Metabolic and cardiorespiratory measures of mental effort: the effects of level of difficulty in a working memory task. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 16, 57-68.
- Bartenwerfer, H. (1969). Einige praktische Konsequenzen aus der Aktivierungstheorie. Zeitschrift für experimentelle und angewandte Psychologie, 16, 195-222.
- Bauer, L.O., Goldstein, R. & Stern, J.A. (1987). Effects of information-processing demands on physiological response patterns. Human Factors, 29, 213-234.
- Beatty, J. (1982). Task-evoked pupillary responses, processing load, and the structure of processing resources. Psychological Bulletin, 91, 276-292.
- Berntson, G.G., Cacioppo, J.T., Quigley, K.S. & Fabro, V.T. (1994). Autonomic space and psychophysiological response. Psycho-physiology, 31, 44-61.
- Byers, J.C., Bittner, A.C. & Hill, S.G. (1989). Traditional and raw task load index (TLX) correlations: are paired comparisons necessary? In A. Mital (Ed.), Advances in industrial ergonomics and safety, I (pp 481-485). London: Taylor & Francis.
- Blaauw, G.J. (1984). Car driving as a supervisory control task. PhD Thesis. TNO-Institute for Perception, Soesterberg, The Netherlands.
- Brenner, M, Doherthy, E.T. & Shipp, T. (1994). Speech measures indicating workload demand. Aviation, space, and environmental medicine, 65, 21-26.
- Broadbent, D.E. (1958). Perception and communication. London: Pergamon.
- Brookhuis, K.A. (1989). Event related potentials and information processing. PhD Thesis. Groningen: University of Groningen.
- Brookhuis, K.A. (1995a). DETER, Detection, Enforcement and Tutoring for Error Reduction. Final Report. (Report 2009/DETER/ Deliverable 20). Haren, The Netherlands: Traffic Research Centre, University of Groningen.
- Brookhuis, K.A. (1995b). Driver Impairment Monitoring System. In M. Vallet & S. Khardi, Vigilance et Transports. Aspects fondamentaux, dégradation et préventation. Lyon, France: Presses Universitaires de Lyon.
- Brookhuis, K.A., De Vries, G., Prins van Wijngaarden, P., Veenstra, G., Hommes, M., Louwerens, J.W. & O'Hanlon, J.F. (1985a). The effects of increasing doses of Meptazinol (100, 200, 400 mg) and Glafenine (200 mg) on driving performance (Report VK 85-16). Haren, The Netherlands: Traffic Research Centre, University of Groningen.
- Brookhuis, K.A., Louwerens, J.W. & O'Hanlon, J.F. (1985b). The effect of several antidepressants on EEG and performance in a prolonged car driving task. In W.P. Koella, E. Rüther & H. Schulz (Eds.) Sleep '84, (pp. 129-131). Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer Verlag.
- Brookhuis, K.A., Louwerens, J.W. & O'Hanlon, J.F. (1986). EEG energy-density spectra and driving performance under the influence of some anti-depressant drugs. In J.F. O'Hanlon & J.J. de Gier (Eds.), Drugs and Driving (pp. 213-221). London: Taylor & Francis.
- Brookhuis, K.A., De Vries, G. & De Waard, D. (1989). De effecten van het gebruik van de autotelefoon op het rijgedrag (The effects of mobile telephoning on driving performance). (Report VK 89-02). Haren, The Netherlands: Traffic Research Centre, University of Groningen.
- Brookhuis, K.A., De Vries, G. & De Waard, D. (1991). The effects of mobile telephoning on driving performance. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 23, 309-316.
- Brookhuis, K.A., De Vries, G. & De Waard, D. (1993). Acute and subchronic effects of the H1-histamine receptor antagonist ebastine in 10, 20 and 30 mg dose, and triprolidine 10 mg on car driving performance. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 36, 67-70.
- Brookhuis, K.A. & De Waard, D. (1993). The use of psychophysiology to assess driver status. Ergonomics, 36, 1099-1110.
- Brookhuis, K.A., De Waard, D. & Mulder, L.J.M. (1994). Measuring driving performance by car-following in traffic. Ergonomics, 37, 427-434.
- Brouwer, W.H., Waterink, W., Van Wolffelaar, P.C. & Rothengatter, J.A. (1990). Divided attention in experienced young and older drivers: lane tracking and visual analysis in a dynamic driving simulator. Human Factors, 33, 573-582.
- Brouwer, W.H. & Ponds, R.W.H.M. (1994). Driving competence in older persons. Disability and Rehabilitation, 16, 149-161.
- Brown, I.D. & Poulton, E.C. (1961). Measuring the spare `mental' capacity of cardrivers by a subsidiary task. Ergonomics, 4, 35-40.
- Brown, I.D., Thickner, A.H. & Simmonds, D.C.V. (1969). Interference between concurrent tasks of driving and telephoning. Journal of Applied Psychology, 53, 419-424.
- Brown, J.D. & Huffman, W.J. (1972). Psychophysiological measures of drivers under actual driving conditions. Journal of Safety Research, 4, 172-178.
- Cnossen, F. (1994). Mental effort from energetical and computational perspectives. Unpublished paper for the BCN course Cognitive Neuroscience. Haren, The Netherlands: Traffic Research Centre, University of Groningen.
- Cooper, R., Osselton, J.W. & Shaw, J.C. (1980). EEG Technology. London: Butterworths
- Dawson, M.E., Schell, A.M. & Filion, D.L. (1990). The electrodermal system. In J.T. Cacioppo & L.G. Tassinary (Eds.), Principles of psychophysiology (pp. 295-324). Cambridge: Cambridge Univer-sity Press.
- De Vries, G., De Waard, D. & Brookhuis, K.A. (1989). A double blind study to compare the acute and subchronic effects of Ebastine 10, 20 and 30 mg o.d., triprolidine 10 mg o.d. and placebo on car driving performance (Report VK 89-22). Haren, The Netherlands: Traffic Research Centre, University of Groningen.
- De Waard, D. (1991). Driving behaviour on a high-accident-rate motorway in the Netherlands. In C. Weikert, K.A. Brookhuis and S. Ovinius (Eds.), Man in complex systems, Proceedings of the Europe Chapter of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting. Work Science Bulletin 7 (pp 113-123). Lund, Sweden: Work Science Division, Department of Psychology, Lund University.
- De Waard, D., Van der Linden, L.H.K. & Westra, E.J. (1990). Observaties van rijgedrag in een geïnstrumenteerde auto op de A-28 tussen Assen en Groningen (Observations of driving behaviour in an instrumented vehicle on the A28 motorway between Assen and Groningen). (Report VK 90-16). Haren, The Netherlands: Traffic Research Centre, University of Groningen.
- De Waard, D. & Brookhuis, K.A. (1991a). Assessing driver status: a demonstration experiment on the road. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 23, 297-307.
- De Waard, D. & Brookhuis, K.A. (1991b). The feasibility of a device that monitors driver's status and abilities. In Proceedings of the 24th ISATA International symposium on automotive technology and automation (pp. 725-731). Croydon, England: Automotive Automation Limited.
- De Waard, D., Brookhuis, K.A., Van der Hulst, M. & Van der Laan, J.D. (1994). Behaviour comparator prototype test in a driving simulator (Report 2009/DETER/Deliverable 10 (321B)). Haren, The Netherlands: Traffic Research Centre, University of Groningen.
- De Waard, D., Jessurun, M., Steyvers, F.J.J.M., Raggatt, P.T.F., Brookhuis, K.A. (1995). Effect of road layout and road environment on driving performance, drivers' physiology and road appreciation. Ergonomics, 38, 1395-1407.
- De Waard, D. & Steyvers, F.J.J.M. (1995). Wegbelijning in rurale verblijfgebieden: een experiment met kantbelijning (Road delineation in rural residential areas: an experiment with edgelines). (Report VK 95-07). Haren, The Netherlands: Traffic Research Centre, University of Groningen.
- De Waard, D. & Brookhuis, K.A. (in press,--1997). Behavioural adaptation of drivers to warning and tutoring messages. Results from an on-the-road and simulator test. Special Issue `Driver Vehicle Interaction', Heavy Vehicle Systems, International Journal of Vehicle Design,4, 222-234.
- De Waard, D., Van der Hulst, M. & Brookhuis, K.A. (submitted;--1999). Elderly and young driver's reaction to an in-car enforcement and tutoring system. Applied Ergonomics, 30, 147-157.
- Dimberg, U. (1988). Facial electromyography and the experience of emotion. Journal of Psychophysiology, 2, 277-282.
- Dimberg, U. & Thell, S. (1988). Facial electromyography, fear relevance and the experience of stimuli. Journal of Psychophysiology, 2, 213-219.
- Egelund, N (1982). Spectral analysis of heart rate variability as an indicator of driver fatigue. Ergonomics, 25, 663-672.
- Eggemeier, F.T. & Wilson, G.F. (1991). Performance-based and subjective assessment of workload in multi-task environments. In D.L. Damos (Ed.), Multiple-task performance. (pp. 217-278). London: Taylor & Francis.
- Eggemeier, F.T., Wilson, G.F., Kramer, A.F. & Damos, D.L. (1991). Workload assessment in multi-task environments. In D.L. Damos (Ed.)., Multiple-task performance. (pp. 207-216). London: Taylor & Francis.
- Fairclough, S.H. (1991). Adapting the TLX to measure driver mental workload (Report V1017/BERTIE/No. 71). Loughborough, Leics, UK: HUSAT Research Institute.
- Fairclough, S. H. (1993). Psychophysiological measures of workload and stress. In A.M. Parkes & S. Franzèn (Eds.), Driving Future Vehicles. (pp. 377-390). London: Taylor & Francis.
- Fairclough, S.H. (Ed.) (1994). Driver State Monitor (Report V2009/DETER/Deliverable 5 (330A)). Haren, The Netherlands: Traffic Research Centre, University of Groningen.
- Fairclough, S.H., Ashby, M.C., Ross, T. & Parkes, A. (1991). Effects of handsfree telephone use on driving behaviour. In Proceedings of the 24th ISATA International symposium on automotive technology and automation (pp. 403-409). Croydon, England: Automotive Automation Limited.
- Fairclough, S.H., Ashby, M.C. & Parkes, A.M. (1993). In-vehicle displays, visual workload and usability evaluation. In A.G. Gale, I.D. Brown, C.M. Haslegrave, H.W. Kruysse & S.P. Taylor (Eds.), Vision in vehicles -IV (pp. 245-254). Amsterdam: North-Holland.
- Fibiger, W., Christensen, F., Singer, G. & Kaufmann, H. (1986). Mental and physical components of sawmill operatives' workload. Ergonomics, 29, 363-375.
- Frankenhaeuser, M. (1989). A biopsychosocial approach to work life issues. International Journal of Health Services, 19, 747-758.
- Fridlund, A.J. & Cacioppo, J.T. (1986). Guidelines for human electromyographic research. Psychophysiology, 23, 567-589.
- Godthelp, J. (1984), Studies on human vehicle control. PhD Thesis, Soesterberg, The Netherlands: Institute for Perception, TNO.
- Godthelp, J. (1988). The limits of path error-neglecting in straight lane driving. Ergonomics, 31, 609-619.
- Godthelp, J., Milgram, P. & Blaauw, G.J. (1984). The development of a time-related measure to describe driving strategy. Human Factors, 26, 257-268.
- Gonzalez Gonzalez, J., Mendez Llorens, A., Mendez Novoa, A. & Cordero Valeriano, J.J. (1992). Effect of acute alcohol ingestion on short-term heart rate fluctuations. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 53, 86-90.
- Gopher, D. & Braune, R. (1984). On the psychophysics of workload: Why bother with subjective measures? Human Factors, 26, 519-532.
- Gopher, D. & Sanders, A.F. (1984). S-Oh-R: Oh stages! Oh resources!. In W. Prinz & A.F. Sanders, cognition and motor processes. (pp 231-253). Berlin: Springer Verlag.
- Gopher, D. & Donchin, E. (1986). Workload -an examination of the concept. In K.R. Boff, L. Kaufman & J.P. Thomas (Eds.), Handbook of perception and human performance. Volume II, cognitive processes and performance. (pp 41/1-41/49). New York: Wiley.
- Green, P., Williams, M., Hoekstra, E, George, K. & Wen, C. (1993a). Initial on-the-road tests of driver information system interfaces: route guidance, traffic information, IVSAWS, and vehicle monitoring (Report UMTRI-93-32). Ann Arbor, MI, U.S.A.: The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute.
- Green, P., Lin, B. & Bagian, T. (1993b). Driver Workload as a function of road geometry: a pilot experiment (Report UMTRI-93-39). Ann Arbor, MI, U.S.A.: The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute.
- Gronwall, D.M.A. & Sampson, H. (1974). The psychological effects of concussion. Auckland, New Zealand: Auckland University Press.
- Grossman, P. (1992). Respiratory and cardiac rhythms as windows to central and autonomic biobehavioral regulation: selection of window frames, keeping the panes clean and viewing the neural topography. Biological Psychology, 34, 131-161.
- Hancock, P.A. & Parasuraman, R. (1992). Human Factors and safety in the design of Intelligent Vehicle-Highway Systems (IVHS). Journal of Safety Research, 23, 181-198.
- Hart, S.G. & Staveland, L.E. (1988). Development of NASA-TLX (Task Load Index): results of empirical and theoretical research. In P.A. Hancock & N. Meshkati (Eds.), Human Mental Workload (pp 139-183). Amsterdam: North-Holland.
- Hebb, D.O. (1955). Drives and the C.N.S. (Conceptual Nervous System). Psychological Review, 62, 243-254.
- Hedman, L.R. & Sirevaag, E.J. (1991). In C. Weikert, K.A. Brookhuis and S. Ovinius (Eds.), Man in complex systems, Proceedings of the Europe Chapter of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting. Work Science Bulletin 7 (pp 12-18). Lund, Sweden: Work Science Division, Department of Psychology, Lund University.
- Heino, A., Van der Molen, H.H. & Wilde, G.J.S. (1990). Risk-homeostatic processes in car following behaviour: Electrodermal responses and verbal risk estimates as indicators of the perceived level of risk during a car-driving task (Report VK 90-22). Haren, The Netherlands: Traffic Research Centre, University of Groningen.
- Heino, A., Van der Molen, H.H. & Wilde, G.J.S. (1996). Differences in risk experience between sensation avoiders and sensation seekers. Personality and Individual Differences, 20, 71-79.
- Hendy, K.C., Hamilton, K.M. & Landry, L.N. (1993). Measuring subjective workload: when is one scale better than many? Human Factors, 35, 579-601.
- Heslegrave, R.J., Ogilvie, J.C. & Furedy, J.J. (1979). Measuring baseline-treatment differences in heart rate variability: variance versus successive difference mean square and beats per minute versus interbeat intervals. Psychophysiology, 16, 151 -157.
- Hicks, T.G. & Wierwille, W.W. (1979). Comparison of five mental workload assessment procedures in a moving-base driving simulator. Human Factors, 21, 129-143.
- Hill, S.G., Iavecchia, H.P., Byers, J.C., Bittner, A.C., Zaklad, A.L. & Christ, R.E. (1992). Comparison of four subjective workload rating scales. Human Factors, 34, 429-439.
- Hockey, G.R.J. (1986). A state control theory of adaptation and individual differences in stress management. In G.R.J. Hockey, A.W.K. Gaillard and M.G.H. Coles (Eds.), Energetics and human information processing (pp. 285-298). Dordrecht, The Nether-lands: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
- Hoeks, L.T.M. (1995). The pupillary response as a measure of mental processing load: with application to picture naming. PhD Thesis, Nijmegen, The Netherlands: University of Nijmegen.
- Hughes, P.K. & Cole, B.L. (1988). The effect of attentional demand on eye movement behaviour when driving. In A.G. Gale, M.H. Freeman, C.M. Haslegrave, P. Smith & S.P. Taylor (Eds.), Vision in vehicles-II (pp. 221-230). Amsterdam: North-Holland.
- Humphrey, D.G. & Kramer, A.F. (1994). Toward a psychophysiological assessment of dynamic changes in mental workload. Human Factors, 36, 3-26.
- Hyndman, B.W. & Gregory, J.R. (1975). Spectral analysis of sinus arrhythmia during mental loading. Ergonomics, 18, 255-270.
- Hyönä, J., Tommola, J. & Alaja, A.-M. (1995). Pupil dilation as a measure of processing load in simultaneous interpretation and other language tasks. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 48A, 598-612.
- Itoh, Y, Hayashi, Y., Tsukui, I. & Saito, S. (1990). The ergonomic evaluation of eye movement and mental workload in aircraft pilots. Ergonomics, 33, 719-733.
- Jäncke, L. (1994). An EMG investigation of the coactivation of facial muscles during the presentation of affect-laden stimuli. Journal of Psychophysiology, 8, 1-10.
- Janssen, W.H. (1979). Routeplanning en -geleiding: een literatuurstudie (Route planning and route guidance: a review of the literature). (Report IZF 1979-C13). Soesterberg, The Netherlands: Instituut voor Zintuigfysiologie.
- Janssen, W.H. & Gaillard, A.W.K. (1985). EEG and heart rate correlates of task load in car driving. In A. Gundel (Ed.), Proceedings of the workshop `Electroencephalography in transport operations. Köln, Germany: DFVLR-Institut für Flugmedizin.
- Janssen, W.H., Kuiken, M.J. & Verwey, W.B. (1994). Evaluation studies of a prototype intelligent vehicle. In ERTICO (Ed.) Towards an intelligent transport system. Proceedings of the first world congress on applications of transport telematics and intelligent vehicle-highway systems (pp. 2063-2070). Boston: Artech House.
- Jennings, J.R., Stringfellow, J.C. & Graham, M. (1974). A comparison of the statistical distributions of beat-by-beat heart rate and heart period. Psychophysiology, 11, 207-210.
- Jessurun, M., Steyvers, F.J.J.M., De Waard, D., Dekker, K., Brookhuis, K.A. (1990). Beleving, waarneming en activatie tijdens het rijden over een deel van de A2 (Appreciation, perception and activation while driving over a section of the A2 motorway). (Report VK 90-18). Haren, The Netherlands: Traffic Research Centre, University of Groningen.
- Jessurun, M., De Waard, D., Raggatt, P.T.F., Steyvers, F.J.J.M. & Brookhuis, K.A. (1993). Implementatie van snelheidsbeperkende maatregelen op 80 km/uur wegen: effecten op rijgedrag, activatie en beleving (Implementation of speed-reducing measures on A-class roads: effects on driving performance, activation and appreciation). (Report VK 93-01). Haren, The Netherlands: Traffic Research Centre, University of Groningen.
- Johnson, A.K. & Anderson, E.A. (1990). Stress and arousal. In J.T. Cacioppo & L.G. Tassinary. Principles of psychophysiology (pp. 216-252). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Jordan, P.W. & Johnson, G.I. (1993). Exploring mental workload via TLX: the case of operating a car stereo whilst driving. In A.G. Gale, I.D. Brown, C.M. Haslegrave, H.W. Kruysse & S.P. Taylor (Eds.), Vision in Vehicles-IV. (pp. 255-262). Amsterdam: North-Holland.
- Jorna, P.G.A.M. (1992). Spectral analysis of heart rate and psychological state: a review of its validity as a workload index. Biological Psychology, 34, 237-257.
- Jorna, P.G.A.M. (1993). Heart rate and workload variations in actual and simulated flight. Ergonomics, 36, 1043-1054.
- Kahneman, D. (1973). Attention and effort. New Jersey, U.S.A.: Prentice Hall.
- Kalsbeek, J.W.H. & Ettema, J.H. (1963). Scored regularity of the heart rate and the measurement of perceptual load. Ergonomics, 6, 306.
- Kantowitz, B.H. (1987). Mental workload. In P.A. Hancock (Ed.), Human Factors Psychology. (pp 81-121). Amsterdam: North-Holland.
- Kantowitz, B.H. (1992a). Heavy vehicle driver workload assessment: lessons from aviation. In Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 36th annual meeting (pp. 1113-1117). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors Society.
- Kantowitz, B.H. (1992b). Selecting measures for human factors research. Human Factors, 34, 387-398.
- Kantowitz, B.H. & Knight, J.L. (1976). Testing tapping timesharing, II: auditory secondary task. Acta Psychologica, 40, 340-362.
- Kecklund, G. & Åkerstedt, T. (1993). Sleepiness in long distance truck driving: an ambulatory EEG study of night driving. Ergonomics, 36, 1007-1017.
- Korteling, J.E. (1994a). Multiple-task performance and aging. PhD Thesis. Groningen: University of Groningen.
- Korteling, J.E. (1994b). Effects of aging, skill modification, and demand alternation on multiple-task performance. Human Factors, 36, 27-43.
- Kramer, A.F. (1991). Physiological metrics of mental workload: a review of recent progress. In D.L. Damos (Ed.), Multiple-task performance. (pp. 279-328). London: Taylor & Francis.
- Lee, D.H. & Park, K.S. (1990). Multivariate analysis of mental and physical load components in sinus arrhythmia scores. Ergonomics, 33, 35-47.
- Louwerens, J.W., Brookhuis, K.A. & O'Hanlon, J.F. (1983). The effects of the antidepressants Oxaprotiline, Mianserin, Amitryptiline and Doxepin upon actual driving performance (Report VK 83-05). Haren, The Netherlands: Traffic Research Centre, University of Groningen.
- Louwerens, J.W., Gloerich, A.B.M., De Vries, G., Brookhuis, K.A. & O'Hanlon, J.F. (1987). The relationship between drivers' blood alcohol concentration (BAC) and actual driving performance during high speed travel. In P.C. Noordzij & R. Roszbach (Eds.), Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety-T86 (pp. 183-186). Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica.
- Macdonald, W.A. & Hoffmann, E.R. (1980). Review of relationship between steering wheel reversal rate and driving task demand. Human Factors, 22, 733-739.
- Mascord, D.J. & Heath, R.A. (1992). Behavioral and physiological indices of fatigue in a visual tracking task. Journal of Safety Research, 23, 19-25.
- Mascord, D.J., Walls, J. & Starmer, G.A. (1995). Fatigue and alcohol: interactive effects on human performance in driving-related tasks. In L. Hartley (Ed.), Fatigue and Driving. Driver Impairment, Driver Fatigue and Driving Simulation (pp.189-205). London: Taylor & Francis.
- Matsumoto, R., Walker, B.B., Walker, J.M. & Hughes, H.C. (1990). Fundamentals of Neuroscience. In J.T. Cacioppo & L.G. Tassinary (Eds.), Principles of psychophysiology (pp. 58-112). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- May, J.G., Kennedy, R.S., Williams, M.C., Dunlap, W.P. & Brannan, J.R. (1990). Eye movement indices of mental workload. Acta Psychologica, 75, 75-89.
- McLean, J.R. & Hoffmann, E.R. (1971). Analysis of drivers' control movements. Human Factors, 13, 407-418.
- McLean, J.R. & Hoffmann, E.R. (1975). Steering reversals as a measure of driver performance and steering task difficulty. Human Factors, 17, 248-256.
- Meijman, T.F. (1989). Mentale belasting en werkstress. Een arbeidspsychologische benadering (Mental workload and workstress. A workpsychological approach). Assen, The Netherlands: van Gorcum.
- Meijman, T.F. (1991) Over vermoeidheid, arbeidspsychologische studies naar de beleving van belastingseffecten (About being tired, workpsychological studies into the perception of the effects of demand). PhD thesis, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen. Amsterdam: Studiecentrum Arbeid en Gezondheid, Universiteit van Amsterdam.
- Meijman, T.F. & O'Hanlon, J.F. (1984). Workload. An introduction to psychological theories and measurement methods. In P.J.D. Drenth, H. Thierry, P.J. Willems & C.J. de Wolff (Eds.), Handbook of Work and Organizational Psychology. (pp. 257-288). New York: Wiley.
- Meijman, T.F. & Mulder, G. (1992). Arbeidspsychologische aspecten van werkbelasting. (Workpsychological aspects of work-demand) In P.J.D. Drenth, H. Thierry & Ch.J. de Wolf (Red.), Nieuw handboek A&O psychologie, Hoofstuk 2.11. Deventer: Van Loghum Slaterus.
- Meister, D. (1976). Behavioral foundations of system development. New York: Wiley.
- Michaels, R.M. (1962). The effect of expressway design on driver tension responses. Public Roads, 32, 107-112.
- Michon, J.A. (1971). Psychonomie Onderweg. Inaugural lecture, University of Groningen. Groningen, Wolters Noordhoff.
- Michon, J.A. (1985). A critical view of driver behavior models: what do we know, what should we do? In L. Evans & R.C. Schwing (Eds.), Human behavior & traffic safety (pp. 485-524). New York: Plenum Press.
- Michon, J.A. (Ed.) (1993). Generic Intelligent Driver Support System. London: Taylor & Francis.
- Muckler, F.A. & Seven, S.A. (1992). Selecting performance measures: `objective' versus `subjective' measurement. Human Factors, 34, 441-455.
- Mulder, G. (1980). The heart of mental effort. PhD Thesis. Groningen: University of Groningen.
- Mulder, G. (1986). The concept and measurement of mental effort. In G.R.J. Hockey, A.W.K. Gaillard and M.G.H. Coles (Eds.), Energetics and human information processing (pp. 175-198). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
- Mulder, G. (1995). The search for energetical indices of mental task load. Contribution to the EPOS workshop `Psychophysiology of Mental Resources', September 5-8, Amsterdam.
- Mulder, G. & Mulder, L.J.M. (1980). Coping with mental workload. In S. Levine & H. Ursin (Eds.) Coping and Health (pp. 233-258). New York: Plenum Press.
- Mulder, G. & Mulder, L.J.M. (1981). Information processing and cardiovascular control. Psychophysiology, 18, 392-402.
- Mulder, L.J.M. (1988). Assessment of cardiovascular reactivity by means of spectral analysis. PhD Thesis. Groningen: University of Groningen.
- Mulder, L.J.M. (1992). Measurement and analysis methods of heart rate and respiration for use in applied environments. Biological Psychology, 34, 205-236.
- Mulder, L.J.M., Schweizer, D. & Van Roon, A.M. (1990). An environment for data reduction, correction and analysis of cardiovascular signals. Abstract 4th `Computers in Psychology' workshop, Tilburg, The Netherlands.
- Mulders, H.P.G., Meijman, T.F., O'Hanlon, J.F. & Mulder, G. (1982). Differential psychophysiological reactivity of city bus drivers. Ergonomics, 25, 1003-1011.
- Mulders, H., Meijman, T., Mulder, B., Kompier, M., Broersen, S., Westerink, B. & O'Hanlon, J. (1988). Occupational stress in city bus drivers. In J.A. Rothengatter & R.A. de Bruin (Eds.), Road user behaviour: theory and research (pp. 348-358). Assen, The Netherlands: Van Gorcum.
- Müller, A., Schandry, R., Montoya, P. & Gsellhofer, B. (1992). Differential effects of two stressors on heart rate, respiratory sinus arrhythmia, and T-wave amplitude. Journal of Psychophysiology, 6, 252-259.
- Myrtek, M., Deutschmann-Janicke, E., Strohmaier, H., Zimmermann, W., Lawerenz, S., Brügner, G. & Müller, W. (1994). Physical, mental, emotional, and subjective workload components in train drivers. Ergonomics, 37, 1195-1203.
- Norman, D.A. & Bobrow, D.G. (1975). On data-limited and resource-limited processes. Cognitive Psychology, 7, 44-64.
- Nygren, T.E. (1991). Psychometric properties of subjective workload measurement techniques: implications for their use in the assessment of perceived mental workload, Human Factors, 33, 17-33.
- O'Donnell, R.D. & Eggemeier, F.T. (1986). Workload assessment methodology. In K.R. Boff, L. Kaufman & J.P. Thomas (Eds.), Handbook of perception and human performance. Volume II, cognitive processes and performance. (pp 42/1-42/49). New York: Wiley.
- O'Hanlon, J.F. (1981). Boredom: practical consequences and a theory. Acta Psychologica, 49, 53-82.
- O'Hanlon, J.F. (1984). Driving performance under the influence of drugs: rationale for, and application of, a new test. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 18, 121S-129S.
- O'Hanlon, J.F., Haak, T.W., Blaauw, G.J. & Riemersma, J.B.J. (1982). Diazepam impairs lateral position control in highway driving. Science, 217, 79-80.
- Paas, F.G.W.C., Van Merriënboer, J.G.J. & Adam, J.J. (1994). Measurement of cognitive load in instructional research. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 79, 419-430.
- Papillo, J.F. & Shapiro, D. (1990). The cardiovascular system. In J.T. Cacioppo & L.G. Tassinary. Principles of psychophysiology (pp. 456-512). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Parkes, A.M. (1991). Data capture techniques for RTI usability evaluation. In Commission of the European Communities, Advanced telematics in road transport, Proceedings of the DRIVE conference. (pp. 1440-1456). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
- Pohlmann, S. & Traenkle, U. (1994). Orientation in road traffic. Age-related differences using an in-vehicle navigation system and a conventional map. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 26, 689-702.
- Porges, S.W. (1992). Vagal tone: a physiologic marker of stress vulnerability. Pediatrics, 90, 498-504.
- Porges, S.W., Bohrer, R.E., Cheung, M.N., Drasgow, F., McCabe, P.H. & Keren, G. (1980). New time-series statistic for detecting rhytmic co-occurrence in the frequency domain: the weighted coherence and its application to psychophysiological research. Psychological Bulletin, 88, 580-587.
- Porges, S.W. & Byrne, E.A. (1992). Research methods for measurement of heart rate and respiration. Biological Psychology, 34, 93-130.
- Posner, M.I. (1978). Chronometric explorations of mind. Hillsdale: Erlbaum.
- Pribram, K.H. & McGuiness, D. (1975). Arousal, activation and effort in the control of attention. Psychological review, 82, 116-149.
- Raggatt, P.T.F. & Morrissey, S.A. (submitted,--1997). A field study of stress and fatigue in long-distance bus drivers. Behavioral Medicine, 23, 122-129.
- Reid, G.B., Shingledecker, C.A. & Eggemeier, F.T. (1981). Application of conjoint measurement to workload scale development. In Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 25th annual meeting (pp. 522-526). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors Society.
- Reid, G.B. & Colle, H.A. (1988). Critical SWAT values for predicting operator overload. In Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 32nd annual meeting (pp. 1414-1418). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors Society.
- Riedel, W.J. (1991). Eye-movements, expert ratings, weaving and time-to-line-crossing as measures of driving performance and driving performance impairment. In A.G. Gale, I.D. Brown, C.M. Haslegrave, I. Moorhead & S. Taylor (Eds.), Vision in vehicles -III (pp. 299-306). Amsterdam: North-Holland.
- Rockwell, T.H. (1988). Spare visual capacity in driving-revisited. New empirical results for an old idea. In A.G. Gale, M.H. Freeman, C.M. Haslegrave, P. Smith & S.P. Taylor (Eds.), Vision in vehicles-II (pp. 317-324). Amsterdam: North-Holland.
- Roscoe, A.H. (1992). Assessing pilot workload. Why measure heart rate, HRV and respiration? Biological Psychology, 34, 259-287.
- Roscoe, A.H. (1993). Heart rate as psychophysiological measure for in-flight workload assessment. Ergonomics, 36, 1055-1062.
- Rothengatter, J.A. (1991). Automatic policing and information systems for increasing traffic law compliance. Journal of applied behavior analysis, 24, 85-87.
- Rouse, W.B., Edwards, S.L. & Hammer, J.M. (1993). Modelling the dynamics of mental workload and human performance in complex systems. IEEE transactions on systems, man, and cybernetics, 23, 1662-1671.
- Rueb, J., Vidulich, M., Hassoun, J. (1992). Establishing workload acceptability: an evaluation of a proposed KC-135 cockpit redesign. In Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 36th annual meeting (pp. 17-21). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors Society.
- Sanders, A.F. (1970). Some aspects of the selective process in the functional visual field. Ergonomics, 13, 101-117.
- Sanders, A.F. (1983). Towards a model of stress and human performance. Acta Psychologica, 53, 61-97.
- Schneider, W. & Shiffrin, R.M. (1977). Controlled and automatic human information processing: I. Detection, search and attention. Psychological Review, 84, 1-66.
- Schneider, W. & Fisk, A.D. (1983). Attention theory and mechanisms for skilled performance. In R. Magill (Ed.), Memory and control of action. New York: North-Holland.
- Schneider, W., Dumais, S.T. & Shiffrin, R.M. (1984). Automatic and control processing and attention. In R. Parasuraman and D.R. Davies (Eds.), Varieties of attention. (pp. 1-27). London: Academic Press.
- Settels, J.J. & Wesseling, K.H. (1985). FIN.A.PRES: non-invasive finger arterial pressure waveform registration. In J.F. Orlebeke, G. Mulder & L.P.J. van Doornen (Eds.), The psychophysiology of cardiovascular control (pp. 267-283). New York: Plenum Press.
- Shiffrin, R.M. & Schneider, W. (1977). Controlled and automatic information processing: II. Perceptual learning, automatic attending and a general theory. Psychological review, 84, 127-190.
- Sirevaag, E., Kramer, A.F., De Jong, R. & Mecklinger, A. (1988). A psychophysiological analysis of multi-task processing demands. Psychophysiology, 25, 482.
- Sirevaag, E.J., Kramer, A.F., Wickens, C.D., Reisweber, M., Strayer, D.L. & Grenell, J.F. (1993). Assessment of pilot performance and mental workload in rotary wing aircraft. Ergonomics, 36, 1121-1140.
- Smiley, A. & Brookhuis, K.A. (1987). Alcohol, drugs and traffic safety. In J.A. Rothengatter & R.A. de Bruin (Eds.), Road users and traffic safety. (pp. 83-105). Assen, The Netherlands: Van Gorcum.
- Snijders, T.A.B. (1995). personal communication.
- Sokolov, E.N. (1963). Perception and the conditioned reflex. Oxford: Pergamon.
- Stein, A.C., Parseghian, Z. & Allen, R.W. (1987). A simulator study of the safety implications of cellular mobile phone use. In American Association for Automotive Medicine. (pp. 181-200). Proceedings of the 31st annual conference. Desplaines, IL: AAAM.
- Steptoe, A. & Sawada, Y. (1989). Assessment of baroreceptor reflex function during mental stress and relaxation. Psychophysiology, 26, 140-147.
- Stern, J.A., Boyer, D. & Schroeder, D. (1994). Blink rate: a possible measure of fatigue. Human Factors, 36, 285-297.
- Steyvers, F.J.J.M. (1993). The measurement of road environment appreciation with a multi-scale construct list. In A.G. Gale, I.D. Brown, C.M. Haslegrave, H.W. Kruysse & S.P. Taylor (Eds.), Vision in Vehicles-IV. (pp. 203-212). Amsterdam: North-Holland.
- Steyvers, F.J.J.M., Dekker, K., Brookhuis, K.A. & Jackson, A.E. (1994). The experience of road environments under two lighting and traffic conditions: application of a Road Environment Construct List. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 8, 497-511.
- Teigen, K.H. (1994). Yerkes-Dodson: a law for all seasons. Theory & Psychology, 4, 525-547.
- Thomas, D.B., Herberg, K.-W., Brookhuis, K.A., Muzet, A.G., Poilvert, C., Tarriere, C., Norin, F., Wyon, D.P., Schievers, G. & Mutschler, H. (1989). Demonstration experiments concerning driver status monitoring (Report V1004/DREAM). Köln, FRG, Technische Überwachungs-Verein Rheinland e.V.
- Thorsvall, L. & Åkerstedt, T. (1987). Sleepiness on the job: continuously measured EEG changes in train drivers. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 66, 502-511.
- Unema, P. (1995). Eye movements and mental effort. PhD Thesis, TU Berlin. Aachen, Germany: Verlag Schalter.
- Van Boxtel, A. & Jessurun, M. (1993). Amplitude and bilateral coherency of facial and jaw-elevator EMG activity as an index of effort during a two-choice serial reaction task. Psychophysiology, 30, 589-604.
- Van der Beek, A.J., Meijman, T.F., Frings-Dresen, M.H.W., Kuiper, J.I. & Kuiper, S. (1995). Lorry drivers' work stress evaluated by catecholamines excreted in urine. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 52, 464-469.
- Van Ouwerkerk, R., Meijman, Th.F. & Mulder, G. (1994a). Mentale belasting (Mental Workload). In P.C. Buijs, A. van Oosterom & H. Wolvetang (Red.), Handboek Bedrijfsgezondheidszorg (Hoofstuk B3-1). Utrecht, The Netherlands: Bunge.
- Van Ouwerkerk, R.J., Meijman, T.F. & Mulder, G. (1994b). Arbeidspsychologische taakanalyse. Het onderzoek van cognitieve en emotionele aspecten van arbeidstaken. (Workpsychological task analysis. Research on cognitive and emotional aspects of tasks of labour). Utrecht, The Netherlands: Lemma.
- Van Roon, A.M. (in preparation). Simulation of short-term cardiovascular effects of mental workload. PhD Thesis, University of Groningen.
- Van Winsum, W., Van Knippenberg, C. & Brookhuis, K. (1989). Effect of navigation support on drivers' mental workload. In Current issues in European transport, Vol I. Guided transport in 2040 in Europe (pp. 69-84). London: PTRC Education and Research Services.
- Van Wolffelaar, P.C., Brouwer, W.B. & Rothengatter, J.A. (1990). Divided attention in RTI-tasks for elderly drivers (Report 1006/DRIVAGE/Deliverable TRC1). Haren, The Netherlands: Traffic Research Centre, University of Groningen.
- Vaughan, G., May, A., Ross, T. & Fenton, P. (1994). A human-factors investigation of an RDS-TMC system. In ERTICO (Ed.) Towards an intelligent transport system. Proceedings of the first world congress on applications of transport telematics and intelligent vehicle-highway systems (pp. 1685-1692). Boston: Artech House.
- Veltman, J.A. & Gaillard, A.W.K. (1993). Indices of mental workload in a complex task environment. Neuropsychobiology, 28, 72-75.
- Veltman, J.A. & Gaillard, A.W.K. (in press). Measurement of pilot workload with subjective and physiological techniques. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Europe Chapter of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, November 1993, Soesterberg, The Netherlands.
- Verwey, W.B. (1990). Adaptable driver-car interfacing and mental workload: a review of the literature (Report V1041/GIDS/DIA/1). Haren, The Netherlands: Traffic Research Centre, University of Groningen.
- Verwey, W.B. (1993a). How can we prevent overload of the driver? In A.M. Parkes & S. Franzén, Driving future vehicles. (pp 235-244). London: Taylor & Francis.
- Verwey, W.B. (1993b). Driver workload as a function of road situation, age, traffic density, and route familiarity (Report IZF 1993 C-11). Soesterberg, The Netherlands: TNO Institute for Perception.
- Verwey, W.B. & Veltman, J.A. (1995). Measuring workload peaks while driving. A comparison of nine common workload assessment techniques (Report TNO-TM 1995 B-4). Soesterberg, The Netherlands: TNO Human Factors Research Institute.
- Vicente, K.J., Thornton, D.C. & Moray, N. (1987). Spectral analysis of sinus arrhythmia: a measure of mental effort. Human Factors, 29, 171-182.
- Vidulich, M.A. & Tsang, P.S. (1986). Techniques of subjective workload assessment: a comparison of SWAT and the NASA-bipolar methods. Ergonomics, 29, 1385-1398.
- Vidulich, M.A. & Wickens, C.D. (1986). Causes of dissociation between subjective workload measures and performance. Caveats for the use of subjective assessments. Applied Ergonomics, 17, 291-296.
- Vivoli, G., Bergomi, M., Rovesti, S., Carrozzi, G. & Vezzosi, A. (1993). Biochemical and haemodynamic indicators of stress in truck drivers. Ergonomics, 36, 1089-1097.
- Volkerts, E.R., Louwerens, J.W., Gloerich, A.B.M., Brookhuis, K.A. & O'Hanlon, J.F. (1984). Zopiclone's residual effect upon actual driving performance versus those of Nitrazepam and Flunitrazepam (Report VK 84-10). Haren, The Netherlands: Traffic Research Centre, University of Groningen.
- Volkerts, E.R., Brookhuis, K.A. & O'Hanlon, J.F. (1987). Comparison of the effects of Buspirone 5 mg and 10 mg, Diazepam 5 mg and Lorazepam 1 mg (t.i.d.) upon actual driving performance (Report VK 87-02). Haren, The Netherlands: Traffic Research Centre, University of Groningen.
- Waterink, W. & Van Boxtel, A. (1994). Facial and jaw-elevator EMG activity in relation to changes in performance level during a sustained information processing task. Biological Psychology, 37, 183-198.
- Wickens, C.D. (1984). Processing resources in attention. In R. Parasuraman and D.R. Davies (Eds.). Varieties of attention. (pp. 63-102). London: Academic Press.
- Wickens, C.D. (1991). Processing resources and attention. In D.L. Damos (Ed.), Multiple-task performance. (pp. 3-34). London: Taylor & Francis.
- Wickens, C.D. (1992). Engineering psychology and human performance. New York: HarperCollins.
- Wiener, E.L. (1987). Application of vigilance research: rare, medium, or well done? Human Factors, 29, 725-736.
- Wientjes, C.J.E. (1992). Respiration in psychophysiology: methods and applications. Biological Psychology, 34, 179-203.
- Wientjes, C.J.E. (1993). Psychological influences upon breathing: situational and dispositional aspects. PhD thesis, Soesterberg, The Netherlands: TNO Institute for Perception.
- Wierwille, W.W. & Casali, J.G. (1983). A validated rating scale for global mental workload measurement application. In Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 27th Annual Meeting (pp. 129-133). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors Society.
- Wierwille, W.W., Rahimi, M. & Casali, J.G. (1985). Evaluation of 16 measures of mental workload using a simulated flight task emphasizing mediational activity. Human Factors, 27, 489-502.
- Wierwille, W.W. & Eggemeier, F.T. (1993). Recommendation for mental workload measurement in a test and evaluation environment. Human Factors, 35, 263-281.
- Wijers, A.A. (1989). Selective visual attention: an electrophysiological approach. PhD thesis, University of Groningen.
- Wildervanck, C., Mulder, G. & Michon, J.A. (1978). Mapping mental load in car driving. Ergonomics, 21, 225-229.
- Wilhelm, B. & Wilhelm, H. (1995). Das Pupilverhalten verrät Übermüdung. Zeitschrift für Verkehrssicherheit, 41, 116-118.
- Wilson, G.F. (1992). Applied use of cardiac and respiration measures: practical considerations and precautions. Biological Psychology, 34, 163-178.
- Wilson, G.F. & Eggemeier, F.T. (1991). Psychophysiological assessment of workload in multi-task environments. In D.L. Damos (Ed.), Multiple-task performance (pp. 329-360). London: Taylor & Francis.
- Yeh, Y.Y. & Wickens, C.D. (1988). Dissociation of performance and subjective measures of workload. Human Factors, 30, 111-120.
- Yerkes, R.M. & Dodson, J.D. (1908). The relation of strength of stimulus to rapidity of habit-formation. Journal of Comparative Neurology and Psychology, 18, 459-482.
- Zeier, H. (1979). Concurrent physiological activity of driver and passenger when driving with and without automatic transmission in heavy city traffic. Ergonomics, 22, 799-810.
- Zijlstra, F.R.H. (1993). Efficiency in work behavior. A design approach for modern tools. PhD thesis, Delft University of Technology. Delft, The Netherlands: Delft University Press.
- Zijlstra, F.R.H. & Van Doorn, L. (1985). The construction of a scale to measure perceived effort. Delft, The Netherlands: Department of Philosophy and Social Sciences, Delft University of Technology.
- Zijlstra, F. & Meijman, T. (1989). Het meten van mentale inspanning met behulp van een subjectieve methode (measurement of mental effort with a subjective method). In T. Meijman (Ed.), Mentale belasting en werkstress. Een arbeidspsychologische benadering. (pp. 42-61). Assen, The Netherlands: Van Gorcum.
- Zijlstra, F. & Mulder, G. (1989). Mentale belasting: theoretische gezichtspunten en overzicht van meetmethoden (mental workload: theoretical points-of-view and an overview of measurement methods). In T. Meijman (Ed.), Mentale belasting en werkstress. Een arbeidspsychologische benadering. (pp. 21-41). Assen, The Netherlands: Van Gorcum.
back to thesis summary
I like to hear from you, so if you find this information useful, a short message is very much appreciated. For more information you can also contact me.
© Dick de Waard 1996
You may only use (parts) of this thesis if you quote the source:
De Waard, D. (1996). The measurement of drivers' mental workload. PhD thesis, University of Groningen. Haren, The Netherlands: University of Groningen, Traffic Research Centre.
Back to my HomePage