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CRITERION B: ORGANISATION - ESSAY

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 


 

 


                                              

 

                                                                                 

                                                                      

 

 

 


 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 


 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 


 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

CRITERION B

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Cohesive devices: LINK WORDS

                                            (Key words at very bottom)

The word cohesion comes from a Latin word meaning hanging together. Sentences need to be connected to sentences, paragraphs to paragraphs.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Cohesive devices: KEY WORDS

Key words are important words in you essay which you use in the last sentence of one paragraph, to be picked up in the first sentence of the next paragraph. They also add cohesion within a paragraph. Ask your teacher for a ample essay demonstrating the use of key words.

 

A sample essay shows rather than tells how to use key words. Moreover, it will show you how key and link words combine to increase cohesion. HEY! That was a small demonstration...

   title

Introduction, ending in a sentence expressing the main argument of the essay. We call this the

THESIS STATEMENT

 

This is the stand you take, the position you are going to defend.

 

This main argument needs to be supported by a number of arguments (at least three) in the body of the essay.

argument 1: The first support for the thesis statement. We call this the

topic sentence

 

The topic sentence expresses the main idea of the paragraph, just as the thesis statement expresses the main idea of the essay.

 

This topic sentence, in turn, needs to be supported

Supporting arguments need to be illustrated

(tell me, then show me)

The final sentence of the paragraph prepares the reader for the next

 

argument 2: More support for the thesis statement, in another

 

topic sentence

 

The topic sentence may begin with a link word, and should pick up a keyword from the end of the previous paragraph

 

This topic sentence, in turn, needs to be supported

Supporting arguments need to be illustrated

(tell me, then show me)

The final sentence of the paragraph prepares the reader for the next

 

argument 3: More support for the thesis statement, in another

 

topic sentence

 

The topic sentence may begin with a link word, and should pick up a keyword from the end of the previous paragraph

 

This topic sentence, in turn, needs to be supported

Supporting arguments need to be illustrated

(tell me, then show me)

The final sentence of the paragraph prepares the reader for the next

 

 

conclusion

 

A brief summary of the arguments made in the body. The essay should end with a reference to the thesis statement and may make some reference to the opening sentence.

 

Then, the conclusion broadens out.

 

this is the skeleton of an essay. it needs flesh on the bones (content, crit. A) and life (vivid language, crit C)

 

LINK to criterion A

and

criterion C

verbal bridges

CRITERION B

Link words may signal:

 

1. ADDITION

2. CAUSE and EFFECT

3. COMPARISON and CONTRAST

4. CLARIFICATION and EXAMPLE

5. POSSIBLE COUNTERCLAIMS

6. CONCLUSION

Old
Information

Transition

New
Information

She is rich.

ADDITION

She is virtuous.

Besides

Moreover,

Additionally,

Furthermore,

Lastly,

Finally,

Also,

Not only ..but ..as well

Equally important,

First, Second, Third,

What's more,

 

An effect

Transition

 

Cause/Reason

CAUSE/REASON

I was late

As

Because

The buses didn’t run

Because of

Due to

For

For the simple reason that

Since

 

Cause/Reason

EFFECT/RESULT

An effect

The buses didn’t run

As a result

So

I was late

Because of this,

So that

For this reason,

Therefore,

Consequently,

Thus,

Just read

Transition

About to read

COMPARISON/CONTRAST (not equal or equal)

On this map Africa is almost equal in size to Greenland.

 

Although

Yet

Africa is actually fourteen times larger than Greenland.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The relative area of Europe is presented inaccurately.

Whereas

Nevertheless,

When in fact,

Nonetheless,

But

However,

Still,

On the contrary,

On (the) one hand,

…., on the other hand,

In contrast,

In comparison,

 

Similarly,

In the same way

Likewise,

At the same time

Point just read

Transition

Clarification

CLARIFICATION (to be more precise)

My life has  become less complicated.

In other words,

That is to say

I have far fewer things on my mind.

In this case,

I mean

Generalization

EXAMPLES (to illustrate)

Examples

Pets improve the quality of people’s lives.

For instance,

Namely,

Lonely people who buy a dog get out of the house more and get more exercise.

Especially,

Notably,

For example,

Particularly,

Own point

Transition

 

Others may have a point

RESERVATION (even so, )

The country is prepared to negotiate.

Admittedly,

Granted,

The prime minister says that negotiations are going to be tough.

Others may have a point

DISMISSAL (but)

Reason why own point is stronger

The prime minister says that negotiations are going to be tough.

All the same,

In any case

This is the time to start finding a way towards peace.

At any rate,

Either way,

Even so,

Nevertheless,

Despite this

Still,

Points made

Transition

 

Summary

SUMMARY (in a nutshell)

 

All in all,

To sum up,

 

All together,

On the whole,

As I mentioned,

Overall,

As I stated,

In brief,

Briefly,

In short,

Points made

CONCLUSION (I’m going to wrap up now)

Conclusion

 

…,then,…

In conclusion,

 

Thus,

So

To conclude,

Therefore,